A mastectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing one or both breasts, most commonly as part of treatment or prevention of breast cancer. In some cases, it is also done to reduce the risk of cancer in people with strong genetic or family history.
The extent of surgery depends on the patient’s condition, and in many cases, breast reconstruction may be offered after the procedure to restore appearance.
Types of Mastectomy
Total (Simple) Mastectomy
This removes the entire breast while leaving the chest muscles and lymph nodes intact.
Double Mastectomy
Both breasts are removed, usually for people at very high risk of developing breast cancer.
Radical Mastectomy
This involves removal of the breast, lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles, but it is rarely used today.
Modified Radical Mastectomy
The breast and lymph nodes are removed, but the chest muscles are preserved. It is one of the most common procedures.
Other Surgical Options
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy
Breast tissue is removed while most of the skin is preserved to help with reconstruction.
Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy
The breast tissue is removed but the nipple and skin are preserved when safe to do so.
Breast-Conserving Surgery
Some patients may not need full breast removal. Options include:
- Lumpectomy: Removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue
- Quadrantectomy: Removal of a larger portion of breast tissue while preserving the breast
These are often followed by radiation therapy.
Who May Need a Mastectomy
Doctors may recommend a mastectomy for people with:
- Breast cancer at different stages
- Aggressive forms of cancer
- Genetic risks such as BRCA gene mutations
- Cancer that has returned
- High risk of developing breast cancer
Risks and Complications
Possible risks include infection, bleeding, pain, scarring, fluid buildup, arm swelling (lymphedema), and reduced movement in the shoulder or arm. Most improve with time and treatment.
Recovery
Hospital stay usually lasts a few days. Full recovery can take weeks to months depending on the type of surgery.
Patients are advised to rest, manage pain, care for wounds, and do gentle exercises to improve healing and mobility.
Emotional Recovery
Mastectomy can affect body image and emotions. Many patients benefit from counseling, family support, or support groups during recovery.
Outlook
Advances in treatment and reconstruction have improved outcomes for patients. Many people recover well and continue normal lives after surgery, especially when cancer is detected early.
