Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious cancers affecting women because it often develops without obvious symptoms in its early stages. By the time it is discovered, the disease may have already spread beyond the ovaries, making treatment more challenging. This is why ovarian cancer is often referred to as the “silent killer.”
Health experts stress that although the symptoms can be subtle, recognising persistent changes in your body and seeking medical attention early can improve the chances of successful treatment.
What Is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer begins when abnormal cells in one or both ovaries grow uncontrollably and form a tumour.
The ovaries are two small organs located on either side of the uterus. They produce eggs and the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and support reproduction.
What Causes Ovarian Cancer?
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not fully understood.
However, the disease develops when genetic changes (mutations) occur in ovarian cells, causing them to grow and multiply uncontrollably.
In some women, inherited gene mutations, particularly BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase the risk.
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase the risk of ovarian cancer include:
- Being over 50 years of age.
- A family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer.
- Inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations.
- Never having been pregnant.
- Endometriosis.
- Obesity.
- Hormone replacement therapy after menopause, particularly with long-term use.
Having one or more risk factors does not necessarily mean a woman will develop ovarian cancer.
Early Symptoms
Unlike many other cancers, ovarian cancer often causes vague symptoms that can easily be mistaken for common digestive or urinary problems.
Persistent symptoms may include:
- Bloating or an increase in abdominal size.
- Feeling full quickly when eating.
- Loss of appetite.
- Pelvic or abdominal pain.
- Frequent or urgent urination.
- Constipation or changes in bowel habits.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Persistent fatigue.
- Back pain.
Symptoms that occur almost daily for several weeks should not be ignored.
How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?
There is currently no routine screening test recommended for women at average risk.
If ovarian cancer is suspected, a healthcare provider may recommend:
- A pelvic examination.
- Pelvic ultrasound.
- Blood tests, including the CA-125 tumour marker.
- CT scan or MRI.
- Surgery and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
Early evaluation is important when symptoms persist.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and the woman’s overall health.
Surgery
Surgery is usually the main treatment and may involve removing the affected ovary, both ovaries, the uterus, and nearby tissues if necessary.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is commonly used after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy
Some women benefit from medications that specifically target cancer cells, particularly those with BRCA gene mutations.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy may be considered for selected patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
Treatment plans are individualised based on the patient’s needs.
Can Ovarian Cancer Be Prevented?
There is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer.
However, risk may be reduced by:
- Knowing your family medical history.
- Seeking genetic counselling if there is a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer.
- Maintaining a healthy weight.
- Attending regular medical check-ups.
- Discussing personal risk factors with a healthcare professional.
Women with inherited genetic mutations may require specialised preventive care.
When Should You See a Doctor?
Seek medical advice if you experience:
- Persistent bloating lasting more than a few weeks.
- Ongoing pelvic or abdominal pain.
- Feeling full after eating very small amounts.
- Frequent urination without infection.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- A strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer.
Early medical evaluation can make a significant difference.
The Bottom Line
Ovarian cancer is often called the “silent killer” because its early symptoms are subtle and easily overlooked. Persistent bloating, pelvic pain, changes in appetite, and urinary symptoms should never be dismissed, especially when they occur frequently. Although there is no routine screening test for women at average risk, recognising the warning signs and seeking prompt medical care can improve the chances of early diagnosis and successful treatment.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Women experiencing persistent symptoms or those with a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer should consult a qualified healthcare professional or gynaecologist for proper evaluation and personalised advice.
